Comparing the 1899 Malolos Constitution and the 1935 Constitution
The history of the Philippines is a story of a long search for freedom. At the heart of this search are the laws that define the nation. Two of the most important documents are...
Author: AraLipunan Writers
The Economic Reforms of Jose Basco: The Tobacco Monopoly
Governor-General Jose Basco y Vargas arrived in the Philippines in 1778. He was a man of the sea and a thinker of the Enlightenment. At that time, the Spanish colony lived on silver from...
The Role of the Church in Spanish Colonial Philippines
The Spanish colonial era in the Philippines lasted for more than three centuries. During this long period, the Catholic Church was the most vital force in the islands. It was not just a religious...
Pre-Colonial Social Classes: Maharlika, Timawa, and Alipin
The history of the Philippines before the Spanish arrived is rich and complex. Scholars often look at the social ranks of that time to understand how people lived. These ranks were not just about...
The Primary and Secondary Sources of History: A Student’s Guide
History is a field of study that relies on evidence to tell the story of the past. It is not just a collection of dates and names. Instead, it is a way to understand...
Economic Diversification: Why Relying on One Industry is Risky
Economic growth is a primary goal for every modern nation. Most countries want to see their wealth grow year after year. To do this, some nations focus on a single strength. They might export...
Fixed Costs vs. Variable Costs: A Guide for Entrepreneurs
Financial literacy is the core of any firm. To run a healthy business, an owner must know where the money goes. This means you must track all your spending. When you know your costs,...
The Role of Incentives in Human Behavior and Policy
Human life is a series of choices. Every day we make many small plans. We decide what to eat. We decide how to work. Most of these acts come from incentives. An incentive is...
Consumer Sovereignty: How Your Spending Shapes the Market
Consumer sovereignty is a key idea in the study of modern markets. It describes a world where the buyer holds the ultimate power. In this view, the choices of the people dictate what is...
Why Hyperinflation Happens: Lessons from History
Hyperinflation is a rare but harsh economic event. It is more than just high inflation. It is a total loss of trust in a nation’s money. Most experts define it as a time when...
